Reviews: Who Owns This Sentence? — Book Reviewed By Your Blogger Marc Alexander
A History Of Copyrights And Wrongs.
David Bellos, an academic, translator, and biographer, and Alexandre Montagu, an IP attorney and founder of MontaguLaw, have written an engaging history of copyright law. Blogger Marc Alexander has written a review of the book. The review is republished here with the permission of the Journal of the Litigation Section of the California Lawyers Association and the CLA. The review appears in the Journal, Vol. 37, issue 3, p. 53. Here's a link to the review: Download Who Owns This Sentence reviewed.
Agency: Third District Agrees Durable Power Of Attorney At Issue Did Not Confer Authority To Agent To Agree To Arbitrate
Authority To Make Medical Decisions Is Not The Same As Authority To Consent To Arbitration.
In Lombardo v. Gramercy Court, C098857 ( 3rd Dist. 12/31/24) (Robie, Earl, Mauro) the plaintiffs, Lisa Lombardo and others, sued Gramercy Court for wrongful death, negligence, elder abuse, and gross negligence after Elizabeth Stein, their relative, died following inadequate care at the defendant's facility. Gramercy Court sought to compel arbitration based on an agreement signed by Lombardo as Stein's agent under a durable power of attorney (DPOA). The trial court denied the motion, finding Lombardo lacked the authority to bind Stein to arbitration. The appellate court affirmed this decision.
The court determined that Stein’s DPOA did not grant Lombardo authority to sign arbitration agreements. Specifically, Stein left unchecked the section authorizing the agent to handle “claims and litigation,” which would have included arbitration authority. Furthermore, the DPOA explicitly excluded healthcare decisions, and arbitration agreements are distinct from medical decisions. The court also rejected Gramercy Court's argument that Lombardo had ostensible authority to bind Stein, finding no evidence of Stein’s conduct to justify such a conclusion.
The appellate court similarly ruled that the arbitration agreement did not bind Lombardo or other heirs individually. It interpreted the agreement's language as ambiguous and construed it against the drafter, Gramercy Court.
COMMENT: We have posted many times on nursing facilities that ran in to trouble enforcing arbitration agreements. Frequently a relative signs documents for an older relative, and unless all i's are carefully dotted and t's are carefully crossed, courts may find that authority was not conferred on the agent. There is also the issue with durable powers of attorney as to the scope of powers conferred under the DPOA — does it just cover medical decisions, or does it include the power to agree to arbitrate disputes. And if there is an agency, does it cover the patient's disputes, or the disputes of heirs?
PAGA: Reversing Trial Court, Second District, Div. 1 Requires Arbitration Of Individual PAGA Claim
Every PAGA Claim Necessarily Includes An Individual PAGA Claim.
We like it when judges neatly summarize a case and its ruling. It makes it much easier to do a quick post. Justice Frances Rothschild has made our job easier:
Shipt, Inc. (Shipt) and its parent company Target Corporation (Target) (collectively, appellants) appeal from an order denying their motion to compel arbitration in an action brought against them by respondent Christina Leeper under the Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 (Lab. Code, § 2698 et seq.) (PAGA). The court denied the motion on the basis that Leeper’s PAGA action did not allege any individual claims subject to arbitration under the parties’ arbitration agreement.
Based on the unambiguous, ordinary meaning of the relevant statutory language and the legislative history of that language, however, we conclude that every PAGA action necessarily includes an individual PAGA claim.2 Accordingly, we reverse and direct the court to enter a new order (1) compelling the parties to arbitrate Leeper’s individual PAGA claim and (2) staying the representative PAGA claim portion of the lawsuit.
Christina Leeper v. Shipt, Inc., et al, B339670 (2/1 12/30/24) (Rothschild, Weingart, Klatchko).
Happy New Year To All Our Readers
And Wishing You A Happy, Healthy, Productive 2025.
Library of Congress. Photographer: Carol M. Highsmith. Date: 12/31/21. "This old auto-body shop in Paxton, a village west of North Platte in southwest Nebraska, isn't fixing cars any more but someone's around to wish passersby a happy new year."
Legislation: Roundup Of 2024 California Legislation Relating To Mediation
In 2024,Three Mediation-Related Measures Passed, One Did Not.
As of December 22, 2024, the status of the four California legislative measures from 2024 impacting mediation practices is as follows:
Senate Bill 940 (SB 940): Enacted into law on September 29, 2024, this bill establishes a voluntary certification program for Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) providers and practitioners, including mediators, administered by the State Bar of California.
Assembly Bill 1755 (AB 1755): Signed into law in October 2024, this legislation updates the California Lemon Law by introducing a mandatory mediation process for consumers and vehicle manufacturers before litigation.
Senate Bill 1141 (SB 1141): This bill proposed increasing the monetary threshold for court-ordered mediation in superior courts from $50,000 to $150,000. However, it did not pass; on August 28, 2024, it was returned to the Chief Clerk pursuant to Joint Rule 62(a), indicating that it failed to advance through the legislative process.
Assembly Bill 2011 (AB 2011): This bill makes permanent the small employer family leave mediation program. Governor Newsom signed it into law on July 23, 2024.
In summary, SB 1141 is the only measure among the four that was not enacted into law in 2024.
COMMENT: The impetus for SB 1141 was court congestion. Also, the $50,000 threshold for court-ordered mediation was enacted in 1994, and inflation has more than doubled since then. SB 1141 passed 38-0 in the California Senate, but foundered in the Assembly Judiciary Committee. Hence, it was never voted on by the Assembly. Would a measure that simply adjusted the threshold amount to the inflation index make sense?
Arbitration: Issue Decided In Arbitration May Preclude Federal Claim In Case Where Employee Is Protected From Arbitration
Sarbanes-Oxley Federal Whistleblower Claim Is Precluded By Issues Decided In Arbitration, Though Employees Are Protected Against Mandatory Arbitration Of Whistleblower Claims.
Section 806 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) provides whistleblower protections, including protection against mandatory arbitration. Can issues decided against a former Tesla employee in arbitration preclude the employee's relitigation of issues in a whistleblower retaliation claim under SOX? Yes, holds a Ninth Circuit panel majority. Karl Hansen v. Elon Musk, Tesla Motors, Inc., and U.S. Security Associates, Inc., No. 23-15296 (9th Cir. 12/10/24) (H.A. Thomas, Johnstone; partial conc. and dsst. by Collins).
The Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court, holding that while SOX claims cannot be compelled to arbitration under predispute agreements, a confirmed arbitral award may preclude relitigation of issues common to arbitrable and non-arbitrable claims.
Judge Daniel Collins dissented from the majority's decision to apply issue preclusion to Hansen’s SOX claim, arguing that doing so was contrary to the statutory protections provided under SOX. SOX prohibits its claims from being subject to predispute arbitration agreements (18 U.S.C. § 1514A(e)). By granting preclusive effect to the arbitrator's findings on issues related to the SOX claim, the court circumvented this statutory safeguard.
Puzzled about how to enforce restrictions?
The Library of Congress caption reads: "What's a fellow to do?' Washington, D.C., Nov. 8, 1939. A policeman whose beat is on Washington's waterfront seems puzzled over how he is going to enforce the restrictions in the sign, especially as applied to seagulls. Maybe the seagulls don't read or believe in signs."